Anyways, it seems that on Linux, Pale Moon seems to prefer KDE applications to Trinity applications when clicking "show in folder" in the "Downloads" menu, and there's no way to override that preference.
On the first system, I have both Trinity and KDE versions of Dolphin file browser installed (the latter pulled in automatically by APT when I went to install KWin from Plasma 5 (because Trinity's Compiz support is there, but broken)). When I go to the "Downloads" menu and click "show in folder", KDE's Dolphin opens up instead of Trinity's Dolphin.
I would have been able to live with the newer version of Dolphin, had I known (back then) that I could have just installed the Ubuntu 16.10 package for Qt5ct onto my Debian 9 installation, add the necessary file to ~/.trinity/env/, then log back out and log back in, and set Qt5ct to use a theme similar to the TQt theme i already have set*.
Here are all the currently set environment variables on the second system: